International Conference on Kidney September 29-30, 2016 Orlando, Florida, USA

Kidney Transplantation is the process of placing a healthy kidney which takes over the work of cleaning blood through an operation or a surgery in patients with end stage renal disease. It is classified as living donor transplantation or deceased donor transplantation on the source of organ of the donor.

kidney transplantation is the choice of treatment when kidneys fail along with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. kidney transplants are classified into two types: those that come from living donors and those that come from unrelated donors who have died (non-living donors).Kidney transplant can be done to patients who : withstand the effects of surgery, immunosuprresant medication, transplant has good chance of success, treatments after transplantation.Unlike many other types of organ donation, it is possible to donate a kidney while you are alive because you only need one kidney to survive.

There are several diseases that can cause acute kidney failure. In some cases, the child’s kidneys may not be able to remove the normal waste products that build up in the blood which can lead to severe swelling of the body and organs. So in such cases Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) is a treatment used to support children with kidney failure and/or fluid overload who are too sick for traditional dialysis.
Kidney transplantation is accepted as the treatment option for final stage of renal diseases such as ESRD (End Stage Renal Disease).
Artificial kidney is often a synonym for hemodialysis, but may also, more generally, refer to renal replacement therapies (with exclusion of kidney transplantation) that are in use and/or in development. Despite the ability of artificial kidney  bio artificial kidney - which uses a patient's own cells in an artificial structure is used, which would fulfill functions unaddressed by current dialysis

The Division of Pediatric Nephrology specializes in the diagnosis and management of children with a variety of acute and chronic kidney-related disorders. The division evaluates and treats hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria, renal tubular acidosis, nephrolithiasis, glomerulonephritis, and kidney failure. Pediatric Nephritis is clinically and genetically heterogeneous entity characterized by either relapsing, and chronic course with significant morbidity and mortality resulting from complications of the disease itself, and its therapy.
Pediatric Nephrology research clinical observations pertaining to any aspect of the wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases that affectrenal function in children as well as on hypertension and fluid and electrolyte metabolism

The kidneys are vital for life with their complex network of blood vessels and intricate network of tubes and tubules that filter blood of its waste products and excess water.The kidneys maintain the fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base regulation that are altered by several disease conditions as well as drugs and toxins. Nephrology (from Greek νεφρÏŒς nephros "kidney", combined with the suffix -logy, "the study of") is a specialty of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the study of normal kidney function, kidney problems, the treatment of kidney problems and renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). Nephrology deals with study of the normal working of the kidneys as well as its diseases. The diseases that come under the scope of nephrology include:-

Glomerular disorders that affect the tiny filtering systems of the kidneys called the glomerulus, Urine abnormalities such as excess excretion of protein, sugar, blood, casts, crystals etc. Tubulointerstitial diseases affecting the tubules in the kidneys, Renal vascular diseases affecting the blood vessel networks within the kidneys, Renal failure that can be sudden or acute or long term or chronic, Kidney and bladder stones, Kidney infections, Cancers of the kidneys, bladder, and urethra, Effects of diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure on kidneys, Acid base imbalances, Nephrotic syndrome and nephritis, Ill effects of drugs and toxins on the kidneys, Dialysis and its long term complications - dialysis includes hemodialysis as well as peritoneal dialysis, Autoimmune diseases including autoimmune vasculitis, lupus, etc. Polycystic kidneys diseases where large cysts or fluid filled sacs are formed within the kidney impairing its functions - this is a congenital and inherited or genetic condition

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger.

If you have diabetes, your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Over time, this can damage your kidneys. Your kidneys clean your blood. If they are damaged, waste and fluids build up in your blood instead of leaving your body.

Kidney damage from diabetes is called diabetic nephropathy. It begins long before you have symptoms. An early sign of it is small amounts of protein in your urine. A urine test can detect it. A blood test can also help determine how well your kidneys are working.

If the damage continues, your kidneys could fail. In fact, diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure in the United States. People with kidney failure need either dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Patients with all types of kidney disease and hypertension. This includes kidney stones, chronic or acute kidney diseases due to any cause, resistant or secondary hypertension, unexplainedproteinuria or hematuria, cystic kidney diseases, inherited kidney diseases, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis abnormalities, pregnancy-related kidney disorders, vascular kidney diseases,nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, and others.High blood pressure (also calledhypertension) occurs when the force of your blood against your artery walls increases enough to cause damage. For people who have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, blood pressure of 130/80 or more is considered high. Have a family history of high blood pressure. your chances of developing high blood pressure may be increased if you: Have chronic kidney disease (CKD), Are overweight. Are African American. Use a lot of table salt, eat a lot of packaged or fast foods,Use birth control pills, Have diabetes,Use illegal drugs, Drink large amounts of alcohol (beer, wine, or liquor). Some types of kidney disease may cause high blood pressure. More often it is high blood pressure that causes kidney disease. High blood pressure can speed up the loss of kidney function in people with kidney disease. Your doctor or nurse practitioner can tell how much kidney damage you’ve had by measuring the amount of protein in your urine and estimating your total kidney function from a simple blood test. If you have diabetes or chronic kidney disease your target blood pressure is 130/80 or even lower. If your blood pressure is not at target, you may be asked to make the following lifestyle changes: Lose excess weight, Exercise more, Cut down on salt, Cut back on alcohol, Stop smoking.

After transplant, the decisions and dedication of own self-care will be vital to health and the success of  transplant. Kidney Health Disparities pertaining to African American, Hispanic, American Indian and Alaska Native adults are twice as likely as white adults to have diabetes, which is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progression to kidney failure (also known as End Stage Renal Disease, or ESRD) is devastating and disproportionately affects minority communities. Since no specific in alternative and Ayurvedic medicine for kidney can help to treat kidney failure effectively, the best method is to combine them. Immunotherapy, as one great breakthrough in treating end-stage renal disease, is just a combination of advanced western medical technologies and traditional herbal medicines, so this therapy mainly has two big effects. Renal Care specialistsare dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of renal disease and injury.

Urology is a surgical specialty which deals with diseases of the male and female urinary tract and the male reproductive organs. Although urology is classified as a surgical specialty, knowledge of internal medicine, pediatrics, gynecology, and other specialties is required by the urologist because of the wide variety of clinical problems encountered.

Historically, the subject which clearly established the specialty of urology as being distinct from general surgery was the treatment of obstructive uropathy. This treatment ranges from the correction of obstructing posterior urethral valves or ureteropelvic junction obstruction in the infant to the correction of bladder outlet obstruction from benign prostatic hyperplasia in the older male. Through the decades, we have witnessed a tremendous increase in our general understanding of the diverse functional disorders of urine transport associated with various overt and covert forms of neuromuscular dysfunction. The rapidly evolving discipline of urodynamics has established itself as a major resource in the diagnosis and therapy of such disturbances.

Nephrology Nursing is the field of nursing with a focus on the most extreme consideration of the discriminatingly sick or unsteady chronic kidney patients. Contamination revultion and nursing consideration is the control concerned with turning away nosocomial or health awareness related disease, a functional (as opposed to scholastic) sub-order of the study of disease transmission. Infants who need escalated restorative consideration are regularly conceded into a unique region of the clinic called the Neonatal serious care and nursing consideration. The part of backing in discriminating nursing consideration: Critical consideration medical attendants work in a wide assortment of settings, filling numerous parts including bedside clinicians, attendant teachers, medical caretaker analysts, medical caretaker supervisors, clinical medical caretaker authorities and medical attendant professionals. Measurements of Renal Care Nursing's mission is to give attendants exact, current, and applicable data and lodging to exceed expectations in discriminating consideration rehearse.

Although medicine cannot reverse chronic kidney disease, it is often used to help treat symptoms and complications and to slow further kidney damage. Most people who have chronic kidney disease have problems with high blood pressure at some time during their disease. Medicines that lower blood pressure help to keep it in a target range and stop any more kidney damage. You may need to try several blood pressure medicines before you find the medicine that controls your blood pressure well without bothersome side effects. Most people need to take a combination of medicines to get the best results. Your doctor may order blood tests 3 to 5 days after you start or change your medicines. The tests help your doctor make sure that your medicines are working correctly.

Medicines may be used to treat symptoms and complications of chronic kidney disease. These medicines include:

Erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy and iron replacement therapy (iron pills or intravenous iron) for anemia.

Medicines for electrolyte imbalances.

Diuretics to treat fluid buildup caused by chronic kidney disease.

ACE inhibitors and ARBs. These may be used if you have protein in your urine (proteinuria) or have heart failure. Regular blood tests are required to make sure that these medicines don't raise potassium levels (hyperkalemia) or make kidney function worse.

Both erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy and iron replacement therapy may also be used during dialysis to treat anemia, which often develops in advanced chronic kidney disease.

Erythropoietin (rhEPO) stimulates the production of new red blood cells and may decrease the need for blood transfusions. This therapy may also be started before dialysis is needed, when anemia is severe and causing symptoms.

Iron therapy can help increase levels of iron in the body when rhEPO therapy alone is not effective.
Vitamin D helps keep bones strong and healthy.

Good nutrition plays a key role in successfully recovering from kidney transplantation. As after any surgery, adequate calories and protein are needed for proper wound healing. Also, possible side effects of the anti-rejection medications can increase nutrient requirements. Because of these special concerns, you may have to change your diet for a time period after your transplant. However, dietary therapy is always adjusted by the transplant team to meet your specific needs and tolerances

Following a healthy lifestyle is good for people with kidney disease, especially if you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or both. Talk with your dietitian, diabetes educator, or other health care professional about which actions are most important for you to take. As you will see, many of these actions are related. Keep your blood pressure at the target set by your health care provider. For most people, the blood pressure target is less than 140/90 mm Hg. Aim for less than 2,300 milligrams (mg) of sodium each day. If you have diabetes, control your blood glucose level. Good blood glucose control may help prevent or delay diabetes complications, including kidney disease. Keep your blood cholesterol in your target range. Diet, being active, maintaining a healthy weight, and medicines can all help control your blood cholesterol level. Take medicines the way your provider tells you to. What you eat and drink may help slow down kidney disease. Some foods may be better for your kidneys than others. Most of the salt and sodium additives people eat come from prepared foods, not from the salt shaker. Cooking your food from scratch gives you control over what you eat. Your provider may suggest you see a dietitian. A dietitian can teach you how to choose foods that are easier on your kidneys about sodium, protein, phosphorus, potassium, and how to read food labels. The steps below will help you eat right as you manage your kidney disease.